{
 "name": "The Programmable Money Tracker",
 "publisher": "Major Matters",
 "url": "https://majormatters.co/trackers/programmable-money",
 "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
 "updated": "2026-10-21",
 "description": "Every stablecoin, tokenized deposit, and CBDC worth watching, with its issuer, backing, and status, dated and sourced.",
 "cite_as": "Major Matters, The Programmable Money Tracker, https://majormatters.co/trackers/programmable-money (retrieved YYYY-MM-DD).",
 "entry_count": 21,
 "entries": [
  {
   "name": "Clarity Act (Digital Asset Market Clarity Act)",
   "owner": "US Senate (Sens. Lummis, Boozman, Scott; final draft)",
   "category": "regulation",
   "status": "in-development",
   "date": "2026-09-14",
   "description": "Final Senate draft released September 14, 2026 ahead of a September 15 cloture vote, incorporating substantially all of the Tillis-Gallego ethics proposal (state attorneys general enforcement, 126 changes at Democratic request), new Treasury authority to prevent deposit flight tied to payment stablecoins, and ethics restrictions on officials' crypto holdings. On September 15, 2026 the Senate cloture vote failed 49 to 50, largely along party lines, over stablecoin yield and ethics provisions; sponsor Sen. Lummis said the bill was all but dead for the session, leaving the GENIUS Act (effective by January 18, 2027) as the only enacted federal stablecoin framework (CoinDesk, The Block).",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.pymnts.com/cryptocurrency/2026/republican-senators-expand-clarity-act-ethics-rules-ahead-of-make-or-break-vote/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Swift blockchain-based shared ledger (tokenised deposits)",
   "owner": "Swift, with DBS, OCBC and UOB (first live SGD transactions)",
   "category": "tokenized-deposit",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2026-09-10",
   "description": "DBS, OCBC and UOB completed the first live domestic Singapore dollar interbank payments using tokenised deposits on Swift's blockchain-based ledger on September 10, 2026, part of the initial-use phase Swift announced in July 2026 with 17 banks across six continents preparing live transactions; payment messages pass over the Swift ledger with obligations recorded on each bank's own tokenised-deposit infrastructure.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.ocbc.com/group/media/release/2026/dbs-ocbc-uob-complete-first-live-blockchain-enabled-sgd-transactions"
  },
  {
   "name": "Bank consortium USD stablecoin",
   "owner": "Consortium of 21 financial institutions (incl. Bank of America, Citi, Goldman Sachs, Wells Fargo, Deutsche Bank, UBS, MUFG, Fidelity)",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "announced",
   "date": "2026-09-01",
   "description": "Twenty-one international financial institutions announced plans to form a new company in H2 2026 to issue a USD-denominated stablecoin, with market launch targeted for H1 2027 and later expansion into EUR and other G7 currencies.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/group-of-leading-international-financial-institutions-to-establish-stablecoin-enterprise-302866318.html"
  },
  {
   "name": "Wells Fargo tokenized deposits",
   "owner": "Wells Fargo",
   "category": "tokenized-deposit",
   "status": "announced",
   "date": "2026-08-04",
   "description": "Wells Fargo announced on August 4, 2026 that it will launch tokenized deposits for corporate and commercial clients on its own blockchain platform with in-house custodial wallets, starting in fall 2026 with a limited US dollar to British pound exchange for select clients and expanding to more clients, countries and currencies during 2027. The bank says the tokens carry the same client protections and deposit insurance eligibility as its existing deposit products.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://newsroom.wf.com/news-releases/news-details/2026/Wells-Fargo-to-Launch-Tokenized-Deposits-for-Corporate-and-Commercial-Clients/default.aspx"
  },
  {
   "name": "Hong Kong Stablecoins Ordinance: first issuer licenses",
   "owner": "Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA)",
   "category": "regulation",
   "status": "enacted",
   "date": "2026-04-10",
   "description": "The HKMA granted the first stablecoin issuer licenses under Hong Kong's Stablecoins Ordinance on April 10, 2026 to Anchorpoint Financial Limited and The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, effective the same day. The HKMA said the licensees intended to complete preparation work and launch business in the coming few months.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2026/04/20260410-4/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Digital pound",
   "owner": "Bank of England / HM Treasury",
   "category": "cbdc",
   "status": "in-development",
   "date": "2026-03-01",
   "description": "A prospective UK retail central bank digital currency in its design phase through 2026, with the Bank of England and HM Treasury due to publish a blueprint, assessment and decision on next steps; no decision to issue has been made.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/the-digital-pound"
  },
  {
   "name": "USAT",
   "owner": "Tether (issued by Anchorage Digital Bank, N.A.)",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2026-01-27",
   "description": "A US dollar stablecoin introduced by Tether and Anchorage Digital on January 27, 2026 for the US market, issued by Anchorage Digital Bank, N.A., a nationally chartered bank supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Anchorage describes it as a complement to Tether's USDT, which is aimed at global markets.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.anchorage.com/insights/anchorage-digital-tether-introduce-usat"
  },
  {
   "name": "JPM Coin (JPMD)",
   "owner": "Kinexys by J.P. Morgan (JPMorgan)",
   "category": "tokenized-deposit",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2025-11-12",
   "description": "A US dollar deposit token representing a claim on J.P. Morgan bank deposits, available to institutional clients for near-instant 24/7 onchain settlement on the Base blockchain, with a phased integration onto the Canton Network underway.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.jpmorgan.com/payments/newsroom/jpm-coin-usd-deposit-token-institutional-clients"
  },
  {
   "name": "Digital euro",
   "owner": "European Central Bank / Eurosystem",
   "category": "cbdc",
   "status": "in-development",
   "date": "2025-10-29",
   "description": "A prospective retail central bank digital currency for the euro area; the ECB Governing Council moved the project to its next phase in October 2025 to build technical capacity ahead of a possible first issuance around 2029, pending EU legislation. On September 15, 2026 the ECB opened a call for expression of interest for euro-area e-commerce and mobile-commerce merchants to join the pilot (applications by October 27, 2026), alongside the 36 payment service providers selected in July 2026; the pilot runs for 12 months from the second half of 2027 (ECB).",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr251030~8c5b5beef0.en.html"
  },
  {
   "name": "Qivalis (euro stablecoin)",
   "owner": "European banking consortium (37 banks across 15 countries as of May 20, 2026, incl. CaixaBank, ING, UniCredit, KBC and Piraeus)",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "in-development",
   "date": "2025-09-25",
   "description": "An Amsterdam-domiciled joint venture founded by nine European banks in September 2025 and expanded to 37 banks across 15 countries on May 20, 2026, when 25 banks joined. Qivalis B.V. has applied to De Nederlandsche Bank for authorization as an electronic money institution to issue a MiCAR-compliant euro stablecoin backed 1:1, and states on its website that it is not yet authorized. Member banks have described the launch as expected in the second half of 2026.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.caixabank.com/en/headlines/news/qivalis-joint-venture-of-a-european-banking-consortium-to-launch-euro-stablecoin-in-the-second-half-of-2026"
  },
  {
   "name": "FRNT (Frontier Stable Token)",
   "owner": "Wyoming Stable Token Commission",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2025-08-19",
   "description": "The first US state-issued stablecoin, backed by US dollars and short-term Treasuries at a legally mandated 102 percent reserve ratio and live across seven blockchains, issued under the Wyoming Stable Token Act.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.coindesk.com/business/2025/08/19/wyoming-state-debuts-u-s-dollar-stablecoin-on-seven-blockchains"
  },
  {
   "name": "GENIUS Act",
   "owner": "US federal government (Public Law 119-27)",
   "category": "regulation",
   "status": "enacted",
   "date": "2025-07-18",
   "description": "The US federal framework for payment stablecoins, signed into law on 18 July 2025, which restricts payment-stablecoin issuance to permitted issuers under federal or state licensing and takes effect by 18 January 2027. Status notes, September 20, 2026: the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency proposed regulations on March 2, 2026 to implement the Act for permitted payment stablecoin issuers under its jurisdiction, and on June 11, 2026 proposed weekly (form PS-01) and quarterly (form PS-02) reporting forms for those issuers; on August 19, 2026 Comptroller Jonathan Gould said the OCC would \"have a final rule out by November,\" and no final OCC rule had been published as of September 20, 2026 (source: OCC news release NR 2026-69, occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-69.html). On August 17, 2026 Treasury issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to implement section 3 of the Act, defining what it means to issue a payment stablecoin in the United States and when a payment stablecoin may be offered or sold in the United States; Treasury states that the licensing requirement for issuers begins on January 18, 2027 and that the restriction on digital asset service providers offering or selling payment stablecoins from unlicensed issuers begins on July 18, 2028, with comments due 60 days after Federal Register publication (source: Treasury press release, home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0605). Status notes, October 16, 2026: that section 3 proposal was published in the Federal Register on August 19, 2026 (91 FR 53368), and its comment period closes on October 19, 2026 (PYMNTS, pymnts.com/legal/2026/occ-races-the-clock-to-finish-genius-act-stablecoin-rules). On September 30, 2026 Treasury, on behalf of the Stablecoin Certification Review Committee, issued an interim final rule setting the forms and procedures for reviewing state certifications under section 4(c), the route by which state-qualified issuers with no more than $10 billion of payment stablecoins outstanding can stay under state regulation if the committee finds the state regime substantially similar; the rule took effect the same day, certifications will be accepted only after Paperwork Reduction Act approval of the forms, and comments are due by November 30, 2026 (source: Federal Register, 91 FR 61688, govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-09-30/pdf/2026-19966.pdf). Status notes, October 21, 2026: the comment period on Treasury's section 3 proposal closed on October 19, 2026. On October 21, 2026 the OCC issued its final rule implementing the Act, the first federal regulator to do so: it sets requirements for permitted payment stablecoin issuers and foreign payment stablecoin issuers under OCC jurisdiction and for custody activities by OCC-supervised entities, covering reserve backing, redemption and risk management, and takes effect January 18, 2027; Bank Secrecy Act, anti-money laundering and sanctions requirements are handled separately (source: OCC news release NR 2026-92, occ.gov/news-issuances/news-releases/2026/nr-occ-2026-92.html, and Bulletin 2026-50).",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IN12553"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDB",
   "owner": "Bridge (a Stripe company)",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2025-05-07",
   "description": "A US dollar stablecoin issued by Stripe-owned Bridge, backed 1:1 by cash and short-duration money market funds, launched alongside stablecoin financial accounts and Bridge's Open Issuance platform for third-party stablecoins.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://fortune.com/crypto/2025/10/01/stripe-crypto-stablecoins-open-issuance-bridge-blockchain-tempo/"
  },
  {
   "name": "RLUSD",
   "owner": "Ripple",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2024-12-17",
   "description": "A US dollar stablecoin issued under a NYDFS limited-purpose trust charter, fully backed by dollar deposits, government bonds and cash equivalents with monthly independent attestations.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://ripple.com/products/stablecoin/"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDG (Global Dollar)",
   "owner": "Paxos (Global Dollar Network consortium)",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2024-11-01",
   "description": "A US dollar stablecoin issued by Paxos as the core asset of the Global Dollar Network, an alliance whose members include Robinhood, Kraken, Anchorage, Nuvei, Bullish and Galaxy.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.paxos.com/blog/usdg-and-global-dollar-network-reshaping-the-future-of-stablecoins"
  },
  {
   "name": "Citi Token Services",
   "owner": "Citigroup",
   "category": "tokenized-deposit",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2023-09-18",
   "description": "A tokenized-deposit service on a private permissioned blockchain enabling near real-time cross-border USD payments for institutional clients, with Siam Commercial Bank becoming the first external bank to go live on it in July 2026.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://services.citi.com/solutions/citi-token-services"
  },
  {
   "name": "PYUSD",
   "owner": "PayPal (issued by Paxos Trust Company)",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2023-08-07",
   "description": "PayPal's US dollar stablecoin issued by Paxos under NYDFS oversight, backed 1:1 by dollar deposits, short-term US Treasuries and cash equivalents, and available across Ethereum, Solana, Arbitrum, Stellar and other chains.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://newsroom.paypal-corp.com/2023-08-07-PayPal-Launches-U-S-Dollar-Stablecoin"
  },
  {
   "name": "FDUSD",
   "owner": "First Digital (FD121 Limited)",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2023-06-01",
   "description": "A US dollar stablecoin issued by First Digital's FD121 subsidiary and backed by short-dated US Treasury bills, reverse repos and bank cash held in Hong Kong, Switzerland and Australia, with monthly ISAE 3000 assurance reports.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://coinmarketcap.com/cmc-ai/first-digital-usd/what-is/"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDC",
   "owner": "Circle",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2018-09-26",
   "description": "A US dollar stablecoin backed by cash and short-dated US Treasuries held in reserve, natively issued across 35+ blockchains with monthly attestations by an independent accounting firm. On September 11, 2026 Circle agreed to acquire Tazapay, a Singapore B2B cross-border payments platform operating in 100+ markets with about $25 billion in annualized volume, to push USDC into global commerce; close expected in 2027 pending Monetary Authority of Singapore approval (Digital Commerce 360). On September 16, 2026 Circle launched the Arc mainnet, an open layer-one blockchain with USDC as the native gas token, block production by eleven institutions including BlackRock and DTCC, 100+ applications at launch, and a stated purpose of real-time money movement and agentic economic activity (Circle). On July 10, 2026 Circle received final approval from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to establish First National Digital Currency Bank, N.A., a national trust bank operating as Circle National Trust, which initially provides digital asset custody for Circle and its affiliates; Circle says the charter also enables management of the USDC reserve (Circle).",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.circle.com/usdc"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDP (Pax Dollar)",
   "owner": "Paxos",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2018-09-10",
   "description": "One of the earliest NYDFS-regulated US dollar stablecoins, backed 1:1 by cash and US Treasuries with monthly attestations, launched as Paxos Standard and rebranded to Pax Dollar in 2021.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://www.paxos.com/newsroom/paxos-regulated-stablecoin-platform-reaches-five-year-milestone-has-issued-120b-in-stablecoins"
  },
  {
   "name": "USDT",
   "owner": "Tether",
   "category": "stablecoin",
   "status": "live",
   "date": "2014-10-06",
   "description": "The largest US dollar stablecoin by circulation, backed predominantly by US Treasury bills plus smaller allocations to cash, secured loans, Bitcoin and gold, with quarterly BDO attestations and circulation concentrated on Ethereum and Tron.",
   "sourceUrl": "https://tether.to/en/transparency/"
  }
 ]
}